Muscular Skeleton System

The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides our body with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad systems:

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM :

Muscles have a range of functions from pumping blood and supporting movements to lifting heavy weights or giving birth. Muscles work by either contracting or relaxing to cause movement. This movement my be voluntary or involuntary. Muscles always pulls, never pushes to generate any movement. Movement will be shown in the direction of muscle contraction.

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES

a) Contraction for locomotion and skeletal movement. b) Contraction for propulsion.
c) Contraction for pressure regulation.

CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES

a) Cardiac Muscles – It makes up the muscular walls of the heart. These muscles perform an involuntary actions. However, it has a similar ultra-structural organisation to skeletal muscles.

b) Skeletal Muscles – The voluntary actions of movement by contractions of the skeletal muscles. It has stripy appearance because of the repeating structure of the muscle, there are many fibres, each of which is made up of repeating units, called as muscle sarcomeres.

c) Smooth Muscles – These muscles are found in the walls of most blood vessels and tubular organs such as the intestine. It is also involuntary, however it does not have a stripy appearance. The contractile proteins, myosin and acting are much more randomly arranged than in skeletal or cardiac muscles.

LIGAMENTS	TENDONS
It connects two bones with each other.	It attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
It has elastin fibre.	It has parallel bundles of collagen fibres.
It has great strength but limited flexibility.	It is considerably high elastic but less strength.

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM :

The main component of skeletal system is the bone. Bones articulate with each other and form the joints, providing our bodies with a hard-core, yet mobile, skeleton. The integrity and function of the bones and joints is supported by the accessory structures of the skeletal system; articular cartilage, ligaments, and bursae. Besides its main function to provide the body with stability and mobility, the musculoskeletal system has many other functions; the skeletal part plays an important role in other homeostatic functions such as storage of minerals (e.g., calcium) and hematopoiesis, while the muscular system stores the majority of the body’s carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.

TYPES OF BONES

a) Flat Bones – These type of bones covers and protects all visceral organs of the body such as – Brain, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, kidneys, bladder, pancreas & intestines.

Skull Bones – Covers Brain Scapula – Shoulder Front Stream & Ribs – Center part of ribs.

These type of bones are found in our four limbs. It provides production of RBC & WBC, shock absorbent and gives strength to muscles.

b) Long Bones – These type of bones are found in our four limbs. It provides production of RBC & WBC, shock absorbent and gives strength to muscles.

c) Short Bones – These type of bones are found in the ankle and wrist joint which provides strength by forming an arch and distributes the body weight.

d) Irregular Bones – These type of bones are found in the facial structure of our skull and are also located the spinal cord.

e) Sesamoid Bones – Sesamoid bones are small round or oval shaped nodules that are located within certain tendons. Typically there are five sesamoid bones in each hand.

Spinal Column – This is main backbone of our body which consists of

7 Cervical Bones : C1 – C7
12 Thoracic Bones : T1 – T12
5 Lumbar Bones : L1 – L5
5 (Fused) Secure Bones : S1 – S5
4 (Fused) Coccyx Bones : Coccyx (4)

SPINAL DEFORMITIES

Many asanas incorporate a neutral spine, such as seated meditation poses. Poor posture and other considerations can lead to a multitude of spinal structural deviations, including common conditions like hyperlordosis and hyperkyphosis. Yoga works your spine in unique ways and enhances body awareness to improve your overall posture.

1. NEUTRAL SPINE – These natural curves create the strongest, most stable alignment of the spine. In this ideal, the spine is also not twisted or leaning to either side.

2. KYPHOSIS – Hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine is often simply called a kyphosis or hunchback. This exaggerated curvature is common in osteoporosis.

3. LORDOSIS – Hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine is sometimes just called a lordosis or swayback. This exaggerated curvature is natural during pregnancy.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

Joints are classified as structural and functional. Structural Classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other. Functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones.

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

FIBROUS (FIXED JOINTS)	CARTILAGINOUS (SLIGHTLY MOVABLE)	SYNOVIAL (MOVABLE JOINTS)
SUTURES(Immovable) Eg. Coronal Structure	PRIMARY(Immovable) Hyaline Cartilage	PIVOT JOINTBetween C1 and C2 Vertebrae
GOMPHOSIS(Immovable) Eg. Dento Alveolar Joint	SECONDARY(Slightly Movable) Fibrocartilage	HINGE JOINTElbows
SYNDESMOSIS(Slightly Movable) Eg. Membrane of forearms and legs		SADDLE JOINTBetween the Trapezium Carpel Bone and 1st meta carpel bone.
		PLANE JOINTBetween Tascal bones (Feet)
		CANDY LOID JOINTBetween radius and carpel bones of wrist.
		BALL AND SOCKET JOINTHip Joint